Mechanism of Action of Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones by inhibition of DNA gyrase (DNA topoisomerase)
Older animation describing the mechanism of action of vancomycin by inhibition of peptidoglycan layer biosynthesis
Mechanism of Action of Vancomycin
Mechanism of Action of Penicillin- by inhibition of transpeptidase and preventing the remodeling of the peptidoglycan layer
Mechanism of Action of Penicillin
Michal Addition with a michael acceptor and a michael donor - examples of reactants
Michael Addition
Reaction at the less reactive 6-position of 2-methyl cyclohexanone is forced due to formation of enamine
Producing and Using Imines and Enamines
Screen Shot of the VMD user interface displaying a protein
Visual Molecular Dynamics – VMD
Figure 1 - Reaction of carbonyl containing compound with amine yields imine and enamine
Imines and Enamines – Nitrogen Analogs of Enols and Enolates
C-alkylation of phenolate
Phenolates- O-alkylation and C-alkylation
New peptidoglycan synthesis occurs at the cell division plane by way of a collection of cell division machinery known as the divisome. Bacterial enzymes called autolysins, located in the divisome, break both the glycosidic bonds at the point of growth along the existing peptidoglycan, as well as the peptide cross-bridges that link the rows of sugars together. Transglycosidase enzymes then insert and link new peptidoglycan monomers into the breaks in the peptidoglycan. Finally, transpeptidase enzymes reform the peptide cross-links between the rows and layers of peptidoglycan to make the wall strong
Animation of Synthesis of Peptidoglycan Layer
Figure 2 - Energy profile diagram of thermodynamic product vs kinetic product
Thermodynamic Product vs Kinetic Product – with example of enolate formation of 2-methylcyclohexanone
C-alkylation vs O-alkylation - A continuous challenge in the chemistry of enolates.
Chemistry of Enolates – C vs O Alkylation
The gram-molecular weight of a molecule or atom has the same number of molecules or atoms which is equal to Avagadro's Number