
The gram-molecular weight of a molecule or atom has the same number of molecules or atoms which is equal to Avagadro's Number
A Primer on Measuring Concentrations – Molarity, Moles and Other Confusing Stuff

In the presence of a base alpha-hydrogens to carbonyl functional group can be abstracted very easily to yield a carbanion
Chemistry of Enolates and Enols – Acidity of Alpha-Hydrogens

Using the non-selective nature of acetoacetic ester synthesis and malonic ester synthesis to produce cyclic compounds
Using the non-selective nature of acetoacetic ester synthesis and malonic ester synthesis to produce cyclic compounds

Abstraction of alpha-proton yields a carbanion which is stabilized by enol formation through resonance on either side of malonic ester