Notes Archive
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Pharmacodynamics Basics
Posted on April 10, 2011 | 1 CommentPharmacodynamics is how the drugs acts on the body. -
Pharmacogenetics Basics
Posted on April 11, 2011 | No CommentsPharmacogenetics deals with how genetic variation contributes to a variable drug response. -
Imines and Enamines – Nitrogen Analogs of Enols and Enolates
Posted on April 12, 2011 | No CommentsWhen a carbonyl containing compound (such as aldehydes and ketones) reacts with an amine (primary, secondary or ammonia), it yields the formation of imines which in turn get converted to enamines. -
Producing and Using Imines and Enamines
Posted on April 19, 2011 | No CommentsImines and enamines are good substitutes for enols. However, it is important to note how to convert the carbonyl compounds into these enamines and imines. -
Michael Addition
Posted on April 24, 2011 | No CommentsMichael addition is a great tool which can be used by organic chemists to form new carbon-carbon bonds and increase the size of molecules. -
Aldol Condensation – Base Catalyzed
Posted on June 26, 2011 | No CommentsAldol condensation reaction can be either acid catalyzed or base catalyzed. In this reaction aldehydes (or carbonyl compounds) yield aldols (or ketols) which finally dehydrate to give alpha,beta-unsaturated compounds. -
Aldol Condensation – Acid Catalyzed
Posted on June 29, 2011 | No CommentsAldol condensation reaction can be either acid catalyzed or base catalyzed. This page deals with the acid catalysis mechanism of the aldol reaction. -
Polymerase Chain Reaction- Part I: Principle, Components, Procedure and Stages of PCR
Posted on July 6, 2011 | 5 CommentsPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technique based on the principle of DNA polymerization reaction by which a particular DNA sequence can be amplified and made into multiple copies. -
Polymerase Chain Reaction- Part II: Validation, Optimization, Limitations and Applications
Posted on July 7, 2011 | No CommentsPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technique based on the principle of DNA polymerization reaction by which a particular DNA sequence can be amplified and made into multiple copies. -
Polymerase Chain Reaction- Part III: Variations or Types of PCR and Future prospects of PCR
Posted on July 7, 2011 | No CommentsPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technique based on the principle of DNA polymerization reaction by which a particular DNA sequence can be amplified and made into multiple copies. -
Buccal Drug Delivery System
Posted on July 12, 2011 | 2 CommentsBuccal delivery is the administration of the drug via buccal mucosa (lining of the cheek) to the systemic circulation. -
Directed Aldol Synthesis: Part 1 – Formation of E-Enolate and Z-Enolate
Posted on August 2, 2011 | 1 CommentAldol synthesis gives rise to stereocenters in the molecule. Directed aldol synthesis is an approach in order to control the stereochemistry of the product being formed. Formation of the enolate is the first step in aldol synthesis, and hence stereocontrol must begin with the first step itself. -
Directed Aldol Synthesis: Part 2 – Syn and Anti control using Zimmerman Traxler principle
Posted on August 3, 2011 | No CommentsAldol synthesis gives rise to stereocenters in the molecule. Directed aldol synthesis is an approach in order to control the stereochemistry of the product being formed. Part 2 considers how to control whether syn products or whether anti products are formed utilizing the Zimmerman Traxler principle of stereocontrol. -
Boron Enolates for Aldol Synthesis and Other Reactions
Posted on August 22, 2011 | No CommentsPreparation of boron enolates offers an advantage of obtaining highly selective enolate to control aldol condensation. -
Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy
Posted on August 24, 2011 | 1 CommentThe electromagnetic spectrum is radiation found in day to day life. The most common type of electromagnetic radiation is light. Spectroscopy and spectroscopic techniques help to study the interactions between matter and the electromagnetic radiation. -
A Review of Polymorphism and the Amorphous State in the Formulation Strategy of Medicines
Posted on September 3, 2011 | 1 CommentPolymorphs arise when molecules of a compound attain different conformations with differing energies of stabilization. Although their chemical properties may be same but they differ in their structural orientation. Polymorphism transitions are important to study in pharmaceutical sciences. -
Glycolysis – Animation and Notes
Posted on September 20, 2011 | No CommentsGlycolysis is the most critical phase in glucose metabolism during cellular respiration. The term “glycolysis” literally means breakdown of glucose and sugars. Biochemically, it involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate (or pyruvic acid) via a series of enzymes. -
Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy – Principle
Posted on December 13, 2011 | No CommentsThe principles involved in the utility of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy) -
Pharmacognosy of Ergot (Argot or St. Anthony’s Fire)
Posted on December 30, 2011 | No CommentsErgot is an alkaloid containing dried sclerotium of a fungus, containing mainly indole alkaloids called ergolines. It is traditionally used to labour to assist delivery (oxytocic) and to reduce post-partum haemorrhage. -
Pharmacognosy of Vinca Alkaloids (Periwinkle)
Posted on January 1, 2012 | 1 CommentVinca alkaloids are obtained mainly from a species of periwinkle known as Madagascar Periwinkle. Vinca alkaloids are chemically indole alkaloids and are known to possess anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic roles.